The Trade Theories Of International Business - 1500 Words

According to Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan (2015) â€Å"International business is defined as all commercial transactions, including sales, investments, and transportation, that take place between two or more countries† It is the exchange of goods and services among individuals in multiple countries. There are some of the trade theories that influence competitive advantages. One of the theories is the Absolute advantage theory, which states that some countries produce some goods more efficiently than others. By being good at one thing a country can gain competitive advantage as a whole. A country can have a natural advantage, which comes from creating a product or service from climatic conditions, access to certain natural resources, or availability of certain labor forces. Another theory is the Mercantilism theory states that a country’s wealth is measured by its holdings of treasures, which usually means its gold. The theory goes on by saying that a country should ex port more than they import and, if successful, receive gold from countries that run deficits. (Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan, 2015) Discuss the factors that increase globalization There are many factors that increase globalization. One factor that I believe plays the biggestrole is an increase in application technology. Technology has advanced tremendously over the last couple of years. Making a phone call hasn’t been easier than it is now. You can reach anyone at anytime on their cellphone, and callingShow MoreRelatedWhy Do Business Internationalise?. International Trade1181 Words   |  5 PagesWhy do business internationalise? International trade can be traced back to ancient years. Our ancestors, with the purpose of increasing the variety of local products, had been trying their best for decades to trade cross border. With the development of international business, international trade theories was developed to explain the benefit nations can get from utilizing free trade pattern and participating in the multilateral trade via opening up strategy by eliminating import control, exportRead MoreQuestions On International Trade Theory1332 Words   |  6 Pages201109990 Module name: International business Module code: MKIB 225 Essay question: Why do businesses internationalize? Compare and contrast the various â€Å"standard† theories . Word count: 1051 Why does business internationalize? With the development of international business, countries with the purpose of increasing the variety of local products had been trying best for decades to trade with other nations. Furthermore, international trade theories were developed to explainRead MorePorters Theory of National Competitive Advantage1717 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Porters theory of national competitive advantage expands on basic international trade theory, which posits that nations can leverage certain advantages that they inherit to create advantage for themselves on international markets. What Porter contends is that there are advanced factor endowments that nations can cultivate in order to give them competitive advantages in international trade. These advanced factor endowments are firm strategy, structure and rivalry; factor conditions;Read MoreInternational Trade Theories That Can Be Analyzed944 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Trade Theories There are a number of different trade theories that can be analyzed in regards to the above referenced research project, and I will attempt to address the theories I feel that are most relatable to the question in hand. The first international trade theory I will address is that of Mercantilism. Historically, mercantilism is defined as â€Å"the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government shouldRead MoreRole Of A Nation s Government Plays On International Competitiveness And Uses Theories Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesNew trade theorist, Michael Porter, described the role of governments in international business as one of â€Å"catalyst and challenger† (Pettus Hemls, 2008). A nation’s government has the capacity to control international business handling through the implementation of policies, actions and affairs. This essay aims to discuss the role a nation’s government plays in their international competitiveness and uses theories such as protectionism, neo-mercantilism and Porter’s Diamond, as well as real lifeRead MoreThe Government Intervention Of International Business Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesnations conduct in international business, it exposes them to increased risks and costs through unf air trade and bribery in order to obtain a competitive advantage or power. Mercantilism explains why the government intervention of international business increases the chances of these risks. Mercantilism is the theory that explains, the government will maintain their economy and trade to promote their own domestic industry at the cost of the other country leading to unfair trade (Pettinger,2016). AsRead MoreThe Trade Of International Trade1538 Words   |  7 PagesInternational trade is the exchange of capital, goods in general, and services across other countries or territory provided if the government impose free trade. (Grosse; Behrman, 1992) Free trade means that the government do not intervene on what its citizen can buy, produce or sell internationally. International trade first began in a barter system which is followed by mercantilism in the early 16th and 17th century we’re mercantilism trade is practiced and this is what nation nowadays still viewRead MoreDiffer ent Theories Concepts Of International Trade Theories1697 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences between different theory concepts of international trade theories. The author will analysis and seriously assess their believe concepts and believe. The author of this assignment agrees with the economist that international trade is the interdependence of nations in terms of trade. International trade theories are basically different theories, with their concept of trade how they explain international trade. The concept of majority of economist believes that, trade is about exchanging goodsRead MoreInternational Business : Cross Border Commerce1460 Words   |  6 PagesInternational business is also known as cross border commerce. Only half of American businesses pursue overseas opportunities. A variety of reasons keep American businesses from pursuing a global market. The biggest reason for not engaging in cross border commerce is fear, lack of knowledge. With education, international busin esses can be effective, efficient, and profitable. Having a basic understanding of globalization leads to building a more solid foundation of understanding the environmentalRead MoreInternational Trade Theories, Trade, Cultural Diffusion, And Economic Trade Theory1374 Words   |  6 Pagesbase concept of international trade theories. The author will examine and critically assess the concept of international trade. This paper agrees with the economist that international trade is the interdependence of nations in terms of trade, cultural diffusion, and economic interdependency. International business trade theories are basically different theories with their concept of trade how they explain international trade. The concept of majority of economist believe that, trade is about exchanging

Application Of Information And Communication Technology

1. INTRODUCTION In this section, a brief overview of the research topic will be looked into which defines the key concepts, gives description of context and scope of the investigation. This section also provides the aims and objectives of the research topic. Finally, the methodology of the research study will be discussed. 1.1 TITLE The limitations challenging further integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in Nigeria’s secondary schools: An assessment through secondary school teachers and students. 1.2 REASON FOR CHOICE OF TOPIC Over the past decade, technology has had far-reaching impact on the way we live, changing the way we work, learn, and communicate - even the way we carry out our regular, daily activities (Seifer and Mihalynuk, 2003). The role of ICT in education extends beyond service-learning classes and activities by providing more effective experiences for faculty, students and community participants (Seifer and Mihalynuk, 2003). The need for ICT in Nigerian secondary schools cannot be overemphasized. In this technology-driven era, everyone needs ICT competence to thrive (Adomi and Kpangban, 2010). Although efforts have been made to ensure that ICTs are available and utilised in Nigerian secondary school. However, the level of inculcation remains low (Adomi and Kpangban, 2010). Goshit (2006) found out that most schools, both private and public, do not offer ICT training programmes. The Federal Government of Nigeria, in the NationalShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Information And Communication Technologies2075 Words   |  9 PagesBooks of Mackay is wishing to establish e-business system, they should firstly understand the basic concepts and the processes involved in e-business. Electronic business is the conduction of business processes through the application of information and communication technologies, especially via the Internet. 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Fiber-optic technology is often discussed in a wide range of conversations. This may be when people talk about TVs, phones, internet, or general technology. Fiber optics may also be referred to when talking about light and optics. An optical fiber is defined as a â€Å"flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than thatRead MoreMobile Computing And Its Business Implications1725 Words   |  7 PagesMobile computing is the important information system infrastructure. Organization information system mainly get very good benefits from the Mobile computing. From work place and the normal can interact with Mobile computer is made possible by portable computer hardware, software, communication systems that a non-mobile organization information system. 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Numerous different technologies have been pursued over the past few years; each designed to essentially accomplish several basic purposes in terms of community service. Three of the most actively pursued application include interactive distance learning, video conferencing, and entertainment. While it is the first two, video conferencing and interactive

Impact of Applied Agro-Cooperative Credit and Banking on Farmers and Farming Free Essays

People depend for good introduction in Agro-Farming not only on good seeds, good fertilizers, good irrigation and good Agro-technology; but they need also short-term, medium and long term loans to meet their other demands at farm level in farming. This genuine situational scene has a power to present an impact of applied cooperative credit and banking on farmers in farming from the point of origin of the Indian Cooperative Credit (a facile credit) movement from the period of working of NIDISH in Madras Province in 1882 to 1904 till date. This is a good Genesis of this issue with a scientific periodicity which may be perused in following section. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Applied Agro-Cooperative Credit and Banking on Farmers and Farming or any similar topic only for you Order Now An Iota in the facile cooperative credit scene of madras province Nidish a socio-economic social group were working in very active form like the primary cooperative credit societies at farm level in rural Madras province in 1882-1884. Madras Provinces 1882-1884 :- Fedaric Nicholson’s visit from India to Germany to study the working of The Raiffieson Model Rural Cooperative Credit societies and came back with a finding â€Å"Find Raiffieson† because he found 100% similarities in need of Agro – financing for Rural India, with cultural similarities at great scale in rural India and Rural Germany. In India also there was great exploitation done by private moneylenders by charging 75% rate of interest and in Germany also such high interest was taken by Jews/Nazis from Rural Germany Farmers. The profit motive and usurious practices were similar in India and Germany. In 1882 to 1884 Fedaric Nicholson came back from Germany in Madras Province and recommended to the government to start primary Agro-Cooperative credit and Banking instead of Nidish to protect rural people from great exploitation and usurious practices of private money lender. His report and recommendations were accepted by the Madras provincial government under the control of British government. This was also studied and accepted by the government of Bombay province Maharashtra due to great vitality in his recommendations in public interest. In 1896, the British government appointed Edward committee (sir Edward as chairman) to study the Indian Rural conditions, needs and scope of working of the primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit societies under the control of British government for the people to work with cooperation of the people for the people with democratic management at grass root level. The Edward Committee 1896-1904 surveyed the Indian Rural agro-banking system and passed first cooperative Societies Act 1904 which was accepted and made applicable for greater India (from Kabul to Burma) with democratic centralised cooperative credit banking; viz; from Kabul to Burma, if any primary Agricultural cooperative society was organised, then it was bound to get registration from Delhi only. This was a real scene from 1904-1908. The distance factor was main problem for for mation and registration of Agro-primary Cooperative Credit Societies. In this era cooperative credit was considered as a facile credit and cooperative banking was accepted a means to achieve the desired goal in a desired time. In 1908, Lawd recommended to add cooperative Audit, with cooperative credit and banking by increasing two sections in the cooperative Act of 1904. Thus total sections from 48 to 50 were made in the first cooperative society’s act of 1904 in 1908-1912. This added great strength to Agro-cooperative credit and banking system for Rural India. In 1912, the cooperative society Act was again examined by Sir Malcolm I. C. S and others. They suggested to add three sections more for facilitating cooperative credit, Consumption, and Marketing to the people of Rural India to protect them from exploitation of private traders and took them away from cruel clutches of exploiters by using cooperative organisation of the people for the people. It was accepted by the government in public interest. In 1914-1915, the cooperation was made state sponsored subject to give chance to the state (provincial governments) to frame their own cooperative society Acts on the basis of this model Act of 1904 with due consideration of the interpersonal situations of the concern state in preparation of their own cooperative societies act. It gave good chance to states from Kabul to Burma to register primary Agro-cooperative credit societies for credit and banking activities according to their interpersonal conditions to work and upgrade socio-economic life of rural people by effective working of primary Agro-cooperative credit and banking business. There was a rapid growth of members of primary Agro-cooperative credit and banking business and growth also found in qualities of services from 1912-1915 in cooperative credit movement in India. The first world war of 1915 gave great shock for the growth of Rural Agro-Cooperative banking due to more involvement of rural people in Indian Army. Therefore there was stunted growth of working of Agro-cooperative credit and banking from 1915 to 1925. There was Second World War in 1930-1935. The Burma separated from India in 1920 and Shyam, Rangun and Kabul were also separated in 1937-38 and became independent countries. These newly made countries accepted and used Indian model cooperative society Act of 1912-15 to make their own cooperative acts. In 1939-40 in India, the Vijayraghavacharya committee recommended to start linking of cooperative credit with Agro-production and marketing in Madras provinces in Salem district. It was applied in Salem district only for testing. India became independent country in 1947 from the clutches of britishood separate it. The public finance sub-committee (headed by Dr. D. R. Godgil) in 1946 submitted its report and recommended to allow crop loan systems to Rural people (farmers) to bring new change in farm financing by deciding Maximum Cooperative Credit Limit (M. C. L. ) per farmer, per acre per crop per season to upgrade economic strength of rural borrowers on the one hand by weathering the deep rooted exploitation of private moneylenders which gave a good chance for effective working of rural Agro-cooperative credit and banking on the other. It was again reviewed by Thakurdas Mehta committee in 1948. This committee recommended starting its application from April 1950 in First Five Year Plan. At this time Ready Recknor was not made crop-wise for farmers but Rs. 500 M. C. L. (Maximum Credit Limit) per acre per crop was approved to apply from 1951 to 1954 in the first five year plan for good financing to farmers through primary Agro-Cooperative credit societies. It was brought in real practices. In 1950-54, A. G. Gorwala I. C. S was appointed to do All India Rural Credit Survey to judge the extent of credit distribution by the cooperative credit societies in presence of several moneylenders. He did survey in 75 districts of India, in 400 villages and 127475 farmers families who found 3. 5% farm financing and banking was done since 1904 to 1954 by cooperative credit societies and 96. 5% was done by non-cooperative agencies. The extent of linking of cooperative credit with farm production and cooperative marketing was found 1 % only. There was major failure of cooperative credit and banking role in rural India in socio-economic upgradation process for farming community. The AIRCS committee 1954 gave remark, â€Å"Cooperative have failed but must succeed. † The AIRCS committee recommended starting CCR (controlled credit recovery) scheme under integrated Approach, viz: linking of cooperative credit with farm production and cooperative marketing to upgrade socio-economic life of farmers on the one hand and quality of services of cooperative credit and banking on the other. This recommendation was applied in second five year plan from 1955 to 1960. It was found that linking of cooperative credit and marketing increased from 1% to 11% and extent of cooperative credit distribution was increased from 3. 5% to 30% and maximum credit limit (MCL) increased from Rs. 500 to Rs. 1200 per crop per acre per year. This gradual growth gave great encouragement to cooperative credit and banking system in farm financing at a great length. This had motivated for a reliable and very valid effective approach through cooperative credit and banking for rural reorientation as well as upgradation of socio-economic change of rural people in rural India. This indicated a good desired shifting of cooperative credit business and gave a motivation to cooperative sector to face challenge for a desired change at farm level in the system of farming with Agro-technology. If we examine socio-economic changes from 1950 to 2012 or from first five year plan to 11th five year plan through applied cooperative credit and banking, the desired changes are found based on multiple variables with varieties of risks (challenges for changes). This scene is inviting attention of planners, surveyors, researchers and the governments to identify factors or obstacles affecting in achieving the desired results. Nobody has made any attempt on this issue at a great length till date to identify the factors affecting the quality of socio-economic change operation of cooperative credit and rural banking practices. There is urgent need and demand of the rural people, primary Agro-cooperative credit societies and applied cooperative banking to identify the problem raising factors and discover reliable and valid solutions to achieve the desired goal in the desired time. Therefore, an attempt is needed to make on this issue. The present study aims to work on this issue at a great length. Objectives of the study Broadly speaking, this study has main following objectives:- 1. To identify/ analyse the reliable and valid factors affecting the working of applied cooperative credit and banking at grassroots level and also to identify socio-economic changes at farm level and; 2. To explore practical possible solutions as remedial measures to solve the problems at grass root levels, to do socio-economic upgradation of farmers and their farming with help of modern Agro-technology and rational farm financing. Research Design The present study is going to do Exploratory-cum-Descriptive research work. It is a systematic and purposeful empirical enquiry; it includes surveys and fact-findings enquiries of different kinds. The main characteristics of this method are that the researcher has no control over the variables. It only reports what has happened or what is happening. In which the researcher does not have direct control over independent variables either what has happened or what is happening. But in this solution by the research an attempt has to make to search reliable and valid factors to discover a good solution for solving the problems. Location of the Universe/ Population B. R. College Agra of the Agra University as centre for the study and district Mewat Haryana has been selected by the purposive sampling method as definite universe of the study. Sampling design:- Sample selected by multistage stratified disproportionate random sampling. Total number of farmers members involved in CCR scheme in Agro-cooperative credit and banking are 380. Their size group and covered credit operation is given as under:- Size groupSize group of farmersTotal Farmers membersTotal Land covered by members in acresSample fractionTotal farmers A0-2. acres14028020%700 B2. 5-5. 0 acres12036020%600 C5. 0-7. 5 acres10060020%500 D7. 5-above acres2012020%100 Total members380126020%1900 Data Collection: – Research instruments:- Schedule-cum-questionnaire has been used for data collection. The Complete participant observation method and interview technique has been used for data collection. We have done pretesting at small scale to judge the effectiveness of the research ins truments. It has been found very correct and useful for the work. How to cite Impact of Applied Agro-Cooperative Credit and Banking on Farmers and Farming, Papers

Current Economic Situation of the Apparel Industry free essay sample

An analysis of the economic factors that caused a slow-down in the apparel industry. This research paper looks into the business of fashion?s industry?s most important segment, the Apparel Industry. The clothing industry in the US has been flourishing for a long time but due to the current economic situation sales in the last two years have not been very encouraging. In this paper the author analyzes the main factors that affected the industry such as dominance of foreign producers, inflation, and reduction in employment and wages. In addition, the writer gives an overview of the main players in this industry: apparel manufacturers, apparel merchandisers and retailers. Executive Summary Literature Review Brief Overview of the Apparel Industry Financial Position in Recent Years The Apparel Industry-Chain of Actors Current Trends in the Market Problems of the Industry References According to the American Apparel Manufactures Association, the industry for apparel goods in the country has been facing several problems, the most pressing among them being entrance of foreign producers. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Economic Situation of the Apparel Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A U.S. Business Reporter outlined similar problems in his 2001 report on the apparel industry. The industry, which had been showing positive signs, before the slow down has been affected by the downturn in the economic situation in the country. This has been made worse by a reduction in the employment and wages due to offshore production and a declining profit margin.

Interpersonal Communication Motives and human behavior.

Human behavior and attitude are directed by internal processes and more specifically, person’s will to change something in their proximity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Interpersonal Communication Motives and human behavior. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interpersonal communication motivation is one of the key factors that play a significant role in why people communicate and what they accomplish in their life. Interpersonal communication motivation is defined through the reasons and wants to action, a process where a person dynamically develops a plan and it becomes framed by the things that someone does. Some of the key characteristics of motivation in communication are direction, determination, activity, patience and human ability to satisfy what is primary to the individual. A person who has greatly contributed to interpersonal communication motivation theories is Abraham Maslow. His hie rarchy of needs explicitly explains why people are motivated to do certain things. It went as far, as to create strict needs that people are driven by in a lifetime. The theory of reasons for communication by Maslow states that people are genetically predisposed to act in a specific and concrete way that is centered on satisfying physiological and psychological needs. External factors or the surrounding environment and the internal needs and wants or personality of a person, set out criteria that guide how a person behaves and what goals they strive towards. One of the most important contributions of Abraham Maslow is the hierarchy of needs. It sets out the specific criteria by which people operate, according to their needs and wants. At the bottom of the pyramid-shaped diagram are the basic needs. These are the primary attributes that are needed for survival, like food, shelter and water. These are characterized as physiological requirements of all people, independent of their age, race or life goals. The next division of needs for a person is the security and protection from any external stimuli. There would be no point for a person to live and be motivated to participate in social relationships if all the food acquired does not lead to security in the home and the surrounding area. Just as important are the needs of the social aspect, such as belonging to a certain group but most crucial in this division is the love and affection of the close relatives and people.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has been proven that everyone, especially children, need to feel wanted and loved, in order for them to grow up confident and healthy individuals. It is understandable that physical survival is vital to a person in the continuation of life but on the other side of the spectrum is the psychological need and want of any person. From these needs stems a grea t part of interpersonal communication motives (Maslow, 2013). It has been supposed that a person has unlimited potential, so it is possible to assume that reasons for communication can exist in many forms or psychological extensions. One explanation is the amount of times someone was presented with a certain situation or quality which psychologically determined how much they became used to this sort of concept. In turn, this makes it necessary to become a part of behavior through action and want to communicate (Brown, 2007). It is undeniable that people are psychological beings and everything that happens in a person’s lifetime, gets recorded in genes and gets passed down through generations in a form of genetic code known as DNA. This is where Abraham Maslow has acknowledged that people have an internal and individual need, specific to their character and genes that require them to act in a specific way, according to their morality and individuality. The next steps in the py ramid relate to psychological needs and start with self-esteem, recognition and status. People must have a form of understanding of themselves and respect that allows them to feel confident in everything they do. If someone is not sure of their strengths, they will not be able to pursue their goals and dreams, being satisfied with the minimum that they have. The final stage of reasons for people to be motivated to communicate is the goal to realize what defines a person, who they really are and self-search and actualization become dominant throughout the character (Goble, 2004). It is obvious that there are many things in the world that can affect why people communicate that is described by Maslow. The use of drugs, alcohol or other substances can heighten certain chemicals in the brain that will upset the balance. So, the reasons for communication with others will shift from one need to the other. One thing for sure, people do need to survive, as no one wants to stop with what they have, thus the further pursuit of goals and the need to communicate with other for cooperation. Not only does the brain manifest and make visible the genetic information that has been passed down through generations, it also records new understanding and stores it. Information is bounced off the existing knowledge and needs, creating new perspectives and opportunities to come into existence. Person’s interpersonal communication output very much depends on the amount of information about something and their ability to imagine ways to accomplish the set goals. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs sets out the criteria by which people function but there are many individual differences that play a significant role. The level of importance in the determination is an individual characteristic, attributable to all people in the world (O’Neil, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Interpersonal Communication Motives and human behavior. specifica lly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though the brain is still a mysterious place, framed by survival needs and esthetic wants, it is not quite clear why people like or prefer certain things. Either way, interpersonal communication motivation in the form of needs and wants play one of the most important roles in human behavior and life in general. References Brown, L. (2007). Psychology of Motivation. New York, United States: Nova Publishers. Goble, F. (2004). The Third Force: The Psychology of Abraham Maslow. Chapel Hill, United States: Maurice Bassett. Maslow, A. (2013). Maslow’s Motivation Theory and its Application to Education. Retrieved from https://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/maslow/homepage.html O’Neil, H. (2012). Motivation: Theory and Research. Hillsdale, United States: Routledge. This research paper on Interpersonal Communication Motives and human behavior. was written and submitted by user Emel1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

McDonalds in Moskow essays

McDonalds in Moskow essays Describe at least 5 ( five) American Marketing Techniques, utilized by Russians that you believe enhanced the productivity of the enterprise . 1. McDonalds in Russia was a joint Canadian-Russian venture, in which the appointed president was a Russian person. It was done first of all because Russian businessmen know all the specific aspects of doing business in Russia, and second of all in order to show the public that Russians play a major role in this venture. 2. Moscow was chosen for its favorable location and for being the capital-cultural center of Russia, where people are more informed and educated. 3. The opening of the first McDonalds in Russia was greatly advertised and promoted, not only by local media, but also by the biggest national and world media. Many world reporters were invited to the grand-opening of McDonalds so that they could show this event in a favorable way to the company. 4. At the grand opening orphans and children were served first and free. 5. Many high positioned officials from city and national government, and other celebrities took part in the opening. 6. Despite its foreign belonging McDonalds accepted only national Russian currency, Rubles. Identify and describe at least 5 (five) obstacles or problems on a corporate level, and how they were solved and overcome. 1. Production problems. There was no manufacturer or producer in Russia who could produce products needed for the business. One of the solutions was to bring all the products from different countries, but that would be too expensive, so the management decided to build a huge food processing plant size of 3 football fields in order to produce all needed products under one roof, instead of shipping it from somewhere else. 2. Lack of Trust. At that time (we are talking about the end of Cold War) there was a great lack of trust between Russian and Canadian partners. That problem had to be overcome by establishing...

Swedish Daddies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Swedish Daddies - Assignment Example This is also to ensure that pressures to comply with the rest of the world by allowing paid paternity leave will reduce chances of employee turnover for those with families (Kamerman, Kamerman and Moss, 2011). The key stakeholders in the dilemma mentioned above include the fathers and the company policy makers and management. The fathers have to choose between working for an organization even without paid paternity leave hence risking their jobs as opposed to risking divorce and leaving their wives to handle everything concerning the baby on their own. This is a tough decision and for those companies without a paternity policy, the fathers just stay in their jobs and work. As for the policy makers and management of the companies that lack paid paternity leave, they risk family-oriented fathers leaving the company and looking for companies that have such policies. They therefore have to think of integrating such a policy. Since money issues will arise, they have to seek assistance from government as well as borrow a few leaves from other organizations with similar policies or simply reduce the paternity leave. Taking paternity leave paid or not depends on the character of an individual. Virtue ethics come to play here because there are those companies with the paid paternity leave but fathers do not take them. Culture is also different in different countries. Countries that are more masculine-oriented do not see the point in paternity leave as the role of child rearing is the work of women (Brandth, et al. 2011). For companies considering whether to establish such a leave policy, they should first think about the culture then think about the virtue ethics which may mean establishing the policy but not making it a mandate for the fathers to take the leave. To however know the virtue of the male employees, research should be carried out and no assumptions made. The

Cyber Crime as opposed to Cyber warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cyber Crime as opposed to Cyber warfare - Essay Example Nevertheless, new business and investment opportunities are created because of developments in infrastructure and modes of transportation that has enabled businesses to ensure utility of form, place and time. The use of intranet, extranets, internet and information systems across organisations have contributed significantly in growth and prosperity because it facilitates timely communication with business parties. However, the emergence of hackers and criminals that develop viruses and malwares have jeopardised the security of public and private business information and records in an organisation. The author, therefore, has decided to conduct extensive research over growing menace of cyber crimes and cyber warfare because the present 21st century is known as ‘information era’. Nonetheless, the organisations now consider greater focus on information and knowledge, which is viewed as most precious asset in today’s business environment. 1.2 – Cyber Crime and C yber Warfare: Cyber crimes refer to online frauds and internet-based crimes such as hacking email address, user accounts, stealing personal information (credit, visa and debit card pins, bio data, etc) from information systems of firms and from computers of end users, attacking computers through viruses in spam emails etc. Cyber Warfare is different from cyber crimes in a way it refers to online information war between two rival countries. Indeed, the hackers from Country A may attack government websites, information databases and networks of Country B through use of hacking tools in order to obtain clandestine information regarding foreign policy and agenda, military spending and power, diplomatic relationships and back channel diplomacy etc, economic and trade agreements etc. For instance, the main aim is to access implicit information and to destroy existing data warehouses and governmental networks to bring economic, technical and social losses to rival nation. 1.3 - Problem Sta tement Although systems and software developing IT organisations (such as Microsoft, Apple, IBM) have been striving to deal with the rising menace of cyber crime, there is dire need to develop strong anti-virus softwares to ensure information security. Nevertheless, cyber crimes (specifically viruses) do not only threaten security of software components, but also they may sabotage hardware resources, especially computer hard disks. In addition, the cyber warfare may disrupt a nation’s strategic functioning as it could damage mainframe and super computer systems used for keeping military and government records. 1.4 - Significance of Problem The issue of cyber crimes is not concerted to boundaries rather it could affect any end-user residing in any geographical region. The hackers do not target users in any specific area (or from any ethnicity, religion, cast, colour or language) but they may batter (virtually) any person for unidentified reasons. Still, the world has been seek ing appropriate solutions that could help improve their security in cyberspace. The researcher would like to argue that the probability that many nations worldwide may have Cyber Wars in future will increase, as more countries will enter cyberspace and send satellites in the orbit. 1.5 - Aims and Objectives The major aim of this research paper is to analyse the growing menace of cyber crimes from cyber terrorists and identify the weaknesses that should be overcome to avert cyber crimes. The objectives are as under: 1) To identify the

UK insurers can no longer safely insure the risk of flood within the Essay

UK insurers can no longer safely insure the risk of flood within the UK and home and business owners will have to look out fo - Essay Example The rapid development of the insurance industry borrows from the fact that inhabitants have the wealth and can readily afford to ensure that their security is vastly cared for hence resorting to investment in their security and that of their wealth. The insurance industry undertakes a wide range of covers from fire, accidents, and financial loss agricultural risks and to the extreme floods risk policies which were developed recently to cover the risk of floods on property owners, businesses as well as home-owners. Need for flood insurance The current debate on whether insurers should continue providing covers to flood and flood related cases has become very fierce. UK citizens see it as a necessity for their security and hence demand for such covers as well as advocacy for the government to regulate the industry through policies that suite the consumers of the product. On the contrary the insurers argue that despite introduction of the flood and flood insurance products its nature po ses very great risk and high costs in its insurance. Choosing your flood insurance or insurance cover is an important decision that you should not be rushed into or about. So much has to be considered before making a choice on an appropriate cover is made. Time should be taken by the buyers of covers to ensure that they are exposed to all the available flood insurance covers. This information is available from several sources ranging from insurance firms, government all through to the various media sources. Shopping around various information sources is done to ensure that the consumer of the products get well- priced and competitive flood insurance policies (Evans, 2005). In the UK getting a flood zone insurance policy will help you feel at ease when emergencies like floods arise. Whatever the state of your house is, whether bought or undergoing the payment of mortgage, you should get adequate insurance so that if your house is damaged beyond repair, your insurance policy will cove r the replacement price or cost of rebuilding a new and similar house incase its completely destroyed. Requirements for a better flood insurance cover When a consumer makes a choice where to get a flood zone insurance cover, the consumer can then just fill the forms sent by the insurer providers and may even do enquiries on more information to ensure that no mistake is made as the form is being filled as this may be all against the consumer himself. The buyer of a product must also take into consideration the price quotes included in your flood insurance cover. There may be expensive quotes that may include cover for risks that that are irrelevant to the needs of the consumer hence not actually needed, therefore should be avoided buy the buyers hence choice of the price quotes that cover vital things relating to the risk of floods (Gammell, 2009). Honesty with your flood zone insurance cover providers should be highly maintained. Tell the insurers about the contents of your home ful ly if for example it is contents cover you are taking. Your future insurance claim may be at loggerheads when you become dishonest with your insurance company. Honest and full discloser of information is done during the assessment phase by the insurance support staff. But as it’s the practice, the Insurance companies will usually ask buyers of covers to get a policy for both their buildings including the contents of your property, the same requirement are demanded from the business

Research Critique of Quantitative Research on Nursing Practice

Research Critique of Quantitative Research on Nursing Practice Nurses are expected to provide the best standards of care possible for their patients and clients, and in order to do this, they are required to provide evidence-based practice wherever possible. Part of this process of providing care based on the best available evidence involves appraising primary research (Elliott, 2001, p 555). If nurses are to improve their practice, and apply evidence to improve their clinical and theoretical knowledge and skills, they must be able to assess the quality of the available research which is relevant to their practice (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003k p23; Hek, 2000, p 19). According to Hek (2000 p 19-21), evidence based practice incorporates professional expertise, patient need and preference, and the best available evidence. But in order to identify this best evidence, the nurse must undertake an evaluation and critical review of research studies, to see if the research is useful and of sufficient quality to be applied to their practice (Fink, 2005). This essay evaluates a quantitative research article which has relevance to nursing practice, because it deals with a chronic condition and one which is prevalent in worldwide populations. The author will review Tangkawanich et al (2008 p 216) Causal model of health: health-related quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDS in the northern region of Thailand. This article is published in a reputable journal, The Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences which addresses issues of interest and concern to nurses internationally, and as such, offers specific insight into HIV/AIDS and nursing within a global context. There are a number of appraisal tools available to healthcare practitioners to assist them in analysing and critiquing primary research articles. Such models are developed over time in relation to standardised conceptualisations of what constitutes quality and rigour in research and in its reporting. For the purposes of this essay, the primary tool used is that proposed by Cormack (2000), but the author will make reference to other critiquing guides and information, including the popular CASP tool (PHRU, 2009, online) Discussion 1. Title The title is concise (Cormack, 2000) and describes the focus of the research itself. While it clearly indicates what the purpose of the study was (Cormack, 2000), it could be clearer and more indicative of the nature of the study. While the nature of the research in setting out to examine the causal relationships between age, antriretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies and health related quality of life (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216) in the chosen sample and population, is apparent in the abstract, there is little indication of these particular variables in the title, although the description of the causal model (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216) does indicate the nature of the research. The use of the word causal (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216) also suggests that this is a quantitative research article. It does not clearly indicate the research approach used (Cormack, 2000). To the less research-aware reader, it would be difficult to divine t his information from the title alone, and it could be argued that it would be better to include in this title a clearer indication of the nature of the study. This would then help the reader to identify if this is the type of research study that would be applicable to their own practice or learning. 2. Authors The authors qualifications are provided, and they all are registered nurses, all of which have postgraduate degrees, and two of which have doctorates. They all work within nursing education within a University context. This would suggest that they have the research skills and expertise to carry out such a study. However, there is no indication in the author list whether or not any of them have the statistical expertise for the study. 3. Abstract Tangkawanich et al, (2008 p 216) provide an abstract, which is identified by Cormack (2000) as an important introduction to the article. The study effectively summarises the research, by identifying the variables being tested. The authors do not, however, present the hypothesis in the abstract (Cormack, 2000). The abstract contains a summary of the study sample, and also identifies the research tools that have been used. They include the results and a summary of conclusions from these findings. As such, the abstract does represent the article itself (PHRU, 2009, online), and for the reader, it does make it easy to identify whether or not the article is relevant to their interest. In particular, it does indicate clearly that it is a quantitative paper which uses recognisable data collection tools. 4. Introduction and Literature Review Although Cormack (2000) separates these two into distinct subheadings, within this article, the introduction and literature review are contiguous. The author has noted that this is often the case in the reporting of such studies, but this may simply be a convention of the publication itself, and not the preference of the authors of the study. The authors use the introduction to contextualise the problem in relation to published research, stating the importance of health-related quality of life (HRQL) for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), because of the impact of the disease on these individuals daily lives (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). They discuss changes and advances in treatment options for this condition, and relate this to HRQL, and then discuss the disease itself, and how these impact upon HRQL (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). They summarise some research about this topic, and also look at self-care strategies, symptom management and treatment (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). There is some exploration of HRQL and its relationship to nursing and to existing literature on this topic, which aids understanding of the concept prior to reading the rest of the article. They highlight some important topics in relation to the focus of the article, including treatment, social support, and other issues (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). Although the introduction/literature review contextualises and introduces this study, this author believes that a more detailed critical analysis of the literature would be warranted here. It is not enough to cite previous research as a means of establishing the credentials of the study, as it were. A wider range of research could have been included Gerrish and Lacey, 2006, 38; Fontana, 2004, p 93), and this research could have been evaluated to identify its quality. It is left to the reader to pursue this matter and determine the quality of the research upon which they base the premise and justification for this study. This could be considered a limitation in the reporting of this research. 5. The Hypothesis The authors do not state a hypothesis (Cormack, 2000), as such, but instead present a research question. The purpose of this study was to examine the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies, and the HRQL in Thai PLWHA (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). The nature of this statement would suggest that it is not an experimental study, but that it is within a quantitative research paradigm. 6. Operational definitions Cormack (2000) suggests that people appraising research question whether operational definitions are clearly presented. In this study, operational definitions are explained within the introduction but in language that would make it inaccessible to the less experienced or less knowledgeable reader. 7. Methodology The methodology section does not clearly state or discuss the choice of a quantitative approach (Cormack, 2000). The focus of the section on Methods is rather on the instruments that are being used. The quality of this study seems to rest in the choice of a quantitative approach, and the choice of data collection instruments. Quantitative research approaches offer a better standards of evidence, with generally greater ability for replication and greater rigour (Kitson et al, 2000 p 149; Duffy, 2005, p 233). As far as research for healthcare practice is concerned, quantitative studies hold better status than those based with a qualitative paradigm (Hek, 2000 p 19; Newman et al, 1998 p 231; Pepler et al, 2006, p 23). There is however no real discussion of the underpinning principles of quantitative research (Parahoo, 2006). It is good that the research instruments are explained in such detail, because it helps overcome one of the limitations of quantitative research, that of not asking the right questions to elicit answers that relate to person al experience (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004 p 14). 8. Subjects There is very limited detail given of sample selection, save stating that eight hospitals were randomly selected using a lottery method without replacement and that the 422 participants were randomly sampled (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). This could constitute a limitation of this research, as it is not possible to identify if there was any sampling bias, how participants were recruited, who recruited them, and any ethical issues in relation to participant recruitment (Hek, 2000, p 20; PHRU, 2009, online, Bowling, 2002). This author would argue that this is a weakness of the study, as these are crucial elements of quality measurement in primary research within healthcare (Austin, 2001 p 1; Cooper, 2006, p 439; Nuremberg Code, 1949, online). 9. Sample selection Sample selection is not discussed in any detail, which could be a weakness of the study, as mentioned above (Cormack, 2000). Sample size is stated, but it is not stated whether this was statistically determined, which could also be considered a weakness, as achieving a statistically sound sample size is important within quantitative research (Daggett et al, 2005, p 255; Donovan, 2002). 10. Data Collection Data collection procedures are not adequately described in this study (Cormack, 2000). This would be problematic for replication and for rigour. There is no indication who administered the questionnaires, whether or not they were self-report in the participants own time and convenience, or whether a researcher was present at the time of completion. This could be considered a weakness of this studys reporting. The issue of researcher bias is important in the completion of data collection tools, and while questionnaires may be considered a way of avoiding this, if they are remotely administered, it is not always possible to check they are full, or honest, or completed by the intended target (Gillham, 2000, p 48). Having the researcher present, however, could introduce bias or influence of some kind, particularly in vulnerable people (Bowling, 2001). As these are vulnerable adults attending clinics for their chronic condition, not discussion how the data was collected from them is a ser ious failing and may also constitute an ethical issue. However, a strength of this study could be considered to be the use of multiple data collection instruments, and the detail with which they are described, and their provenance accounted for. They have used the Social Support Questionniare, the Symptom Experience Questionnaire, the Self-Care Strategies Questionnaire, and the Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). These are described in detail, and where they are based on previously developed research or derived directly from previous studies, this is also described. As these are established research data collection tools, this would suggest they have been previously validated, which adds to the quality of the research (Yu and Cooper, 1983 p 36; Oppenheim, 1992; McDowell and Newell, 1996; McColl et al, 2001 p 1). The demographics of the sample are addressed to some extent, and the use of multiple tools also helps to address potential confounding variables or factors (PHRU, 2009, online). 11. Ethical Considerations It is clearly stated within the study that ethical approval was derived from an appropriate body, and that informed consent was achieved, both of which signify good ethical consideration here (Cormack, 2000). However, there is no explanation of what information was given to the participants, how informed consent was achieved, or if there was any issue with communication or accessibility for people with different communication needs. It does not specifically address issues of anonymity and confidentiality (Cormack, 2000), but instead seems to focus on safety (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 218). 12. Results The results of this study are presented in tables, diagrams, and in great detail within the text of the paper. The key results and demographic issues are presented, but data presentation is summarised in a results section and then in more detail in the discussion. The findings are not very accessible, but p values are clearly stated, which is important in a study of this kind. PHRU (2009, online), within the CASP tool, poses the question of do you believe the results?. This is an important question. The results seem plausible, and relate to established statistical analysis procedures (see below). But because of the lack of detail about the sample, and the selection method, it is not possible to eradicate the doubts about these findings, in relation to potential bias. But in the context of the authors wider knowledge and understanding about people living with HIV/AIDS, the results seem believable. However, the issue of bias cannot be overlooked. More transparency in reporting of key e lements of this study would have made it easier to determine whether these results constitute good evidence for practice (Rosswurm and Larrabee, 1999 p 317; Pepler et al, 2006, p 23). 12. Data analysis The authors carried out the statistical analyses using SPSS, which is an established statistical programme, and LISREL, which is not a programme this author is familiar with. They describe generating descriptive statistics for each of the variables under consideration, but do not present these in any detail (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 218). They then describe the use of multivariate analysis for specific model development, and using other tests, some of which are familiar to the author, some of which are not. While the multivariate analysis and X2 tests are acceptable tests of inference or relationships between variables (Duff, 2005 p 234), anyone who does not have the specialist knowledge of the other tests would find it hard to determine their appropriateness here. The level of specialist statistical knowledge required to understand this would be significant. More transparency could have been achieved by including an explanation of these tests. 13. Discussion The discussion appears quite balanced (Cormack, 2000), and is very detailed, which is good, given the complexity of this study, involving as it does multiple data collection instruments. The study relates the findings back to a wide range of other research studies, which is a strength of this part of the report, showing congruence with many other findings in relation to quality of life, age, socioeconomic status, social support, antiretroviral treatment, symptoms, and self-care (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 219). Limitations of the study are also acknowledged (Cormack, 2000). However, the implications for practice are presented in a separate section. 14. Conclusions The conclusion supports the results obtained (Cormack, 2000), although it is not a very detailed summation of the complexity of the findings. However, this is referred to in the Implications and Recommendations section. (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). 15. Recommendations The authors of this study suggest that social support would have the strongest effect on HRQL(Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 220). They recommend a wide range of strategies to support this, and also look at all the other factors, making recommendations for improving care for this patient population. These are all consistent with the study. However, the only recommendation for future research is that it should be longitudinal rather than cross-sectional (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). Conclusion It is apparent from this study that social and other factors have a serious impact upon the lived experience and quality of life of the target population. It is also apparent that social factors may outweigh medical factors, other than in the provision of antiretroviral therapies for these patients. It would appear, therefore, that understanding these factors and the relationships between them could improve nursing and healthcare practice for people living with HIV/AIDS. However, this author would also conclude that because of some methodological and reporting weaknesses in this study, it would be better to find other research confirming these findings before using it as evidence for practice.

An Effective Education :: Educational Teaching Teachers Essays

An Effective Education A unique world of opportunity rests within an educational system. The ability to influence and guide young minds is a wonderful experience, and this is why I will become a teacher. In the process of educating students, individuality and self experience will be used as a fuel for the scholastic fire, which gives students a valid opportunity to be excellent citizens. As a juxtaposition, the importance of education can be compared to a musical composition. In order to effectively perform a musical piece, one must have a certain understanding of keys, notes, and chord progressions. In order to be an effective citizen, one must have a degree of individuality and self experience to complete a truly amazing educational masterpiece. As a teacher I hope to be a positive influence on as many students as possible and to be an intriguing educator so that students and members of the community value my curriculum. If students value me as an individual, then they respect what I have to say and offer to them as individuals. I want students to feel truly enriched after completing one of my courses. After taking one of my classes, students should have obtained practical information that they can somehow relate to their own lives. I feel that individualism is very important in managing a classroom. Everyone has their own distinctive mind and attributes to contribute to the classroom to help all of us become better people. Certain things should be taken into account when one considers the education of another individual. I believe that an effective education should revolve around two main aspects: personal experience and individuality. Oral communications, a content area I am specializing in, requires personal experience speeches in the curriculum. When one presents a speech, they are engaging in a personal experience, which can be good or bad for them. Regardless of this experience being good or bad, they are learning something about themselves. The students will experience first-hand whether or not they like to be in front of people.