Nuclear Pollution Essay Example

Nuclear Pollution Paper Kirk Sorensen fits into my essay as background of Fuchsia crisis, what caused F-Kashmir Lana leaked the radioactive substance, this background is essential because readers need know what happened in Fuchsia, so that readers can easily understand the scholarly conversation section in my essay. Author: Kirk Sorensen Author bias: Kirk Sorensen is a nuclear technologist, who operates the site neuropathology. Com, Publisher: Forbes. Forbes is an American business magazine owned by Forbes, Inc. Published biweekly, it features original articles on finance, industry, investing, and marketing topics Publisher bias: There is no bias and these site just explanations of what happened at Fuchsia-Didactic. Comprehensiveness: This article analyzes the cause, process and results about Japan Fuchsia Didactic. Also elaborated on why the plant will produce explosion, for example, they do not have to use coolant fluids like water that must operate at high pressures in order to achieve high temperatures. Timeliness: no date. Annotation The author in his article talks about the largest earthquake in modern Japanese hit the Fuchsia-Didactic nuclear power plant, the earthquake did not damage the plant, and the staff in the plant executed a preprogrammed response and began to close the nuclear power plant, but in the first few ours after a nuclear reactor shuts down, fission products are producing significant amounts of heat and unlike fission, this heat generation cant be turned off. It has to run its course to completion. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, managing what is called decay heat is one of the most important aspects of operating a nuclear reactor safely. To remove the heat, todays reactors have an abundance of safety systems, all of which have the same mission, to keep removing decay heat from the nuclear fuel. Unfortunately, when the reactors of Fuchsia Didactic were cooling down, the tsunami came, which destroyed he diesel generators that provide power to drive the pumps that circulate the water coolant through the reactor that removes decay heat. As a result, the reactors become heater and heater, at last, the shield could not endure the high temperature and ruptured at last. Stricter, L. (2012). Nuclear safety chief calls for reform. Nature, 472(7343), 274. DOI: 10. 1038/472274a Evaluation Relevance: This is an article in a peer-reviewed article, the author is Laurent Stricter, a nuclear engineer who is chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WAND), mentions that the nuclear reactors are not safety, e worries about the nuclear industry now is overconfident about their designs and operators. Evidence: Laurent Stickers article fits into my essay as a major position within my scholar conversation part, I will put Laurent Stickers idea on the second section which introduce the scholarly conversation on the nuclear energy safety to explain what reasons that experts appeal us to stop nuclear energy. Whether nuclear energy is safety or not? This is an important question for my essay, and Laurent Stricter disagrees that nuclear energy is safe, especially he thinks this unsafely will threat the people who live nearby he nuclear sites. Author: Laurent Stricter, chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators Author bias: The author point of view is that there are not enough plans in place to immediately help an operator in another country to cope with an accident and he worries about the nuclear industry now is overconfident about their designs and operators. Publisher: Nature publishing group is the worlds best science and medicine website. The site has a lot of scientific research subject, such as energy, natural. Publisher bias: There is no bias and the site will analyze many experimental results or scientific facts. Comprehensiveness: This article is an interview. A respondent is nuclear authority. He analyzed the impact of Japans nuclear energy to produce a series of carefully. Such as, when people ask him: If there is another major accident, is nuclear energy finished? He said: fear so. As we have seen at Fuchsia, an accident in one country has consequences for all nuclear operators elsewhere. Timeliness: The article published online 18 April 2011, so is timely.. Annotation Laurent Stricter points out there has several enormous nuclear sites near ensue population is very unsafely, and he said that after the Fuchsia crisis, showed nuclear sites lack the ability to deal with the accidents such as a loss of electricity supply and cooling capacity. He emphasizes in his article that if there is another major accident happened, the nuclear energy may finished in the future, because the consequence of the nuclear energy accident is too serious to continue it in a country, like what happened in Fuchsia. Baby,Y. The Problems Facing Nuclear Power in Japan Emphasizing Law and Regulations. Retrieved from: HTTPS://m. W/. Coed-nee. Org/law/nil/nil-69/nylon- ABA. PDF Evaluation Relevance: This article introduces the Japanese government how to solve the nuclear pollution. Evidence: In this paper, the author will introduce Japans three major nuclear energy-related laws. He will also discuss the present situation surrounding nuclear power in Japan, including various problems that the government and electric power companies are facing with the emphasis on law and regulations. Author: Hoist Baby. Mr.. Baby is Researcher at the Japan Energy Law institute. Author bias: The facts contained and Ideas expressed in this article are the responsibility of the author alone. Publisher: No. Publisher bias: No. Comprehensiveness: Nuclear power now plays a very important role in the lives of Japanese people. Nuclear power has made a big contribution to a stable supply of electric power in Japan. Nevertheless, in Japan today; the general public has a negative view of nuclear power development. In this report, the author introduced the present situation of nuclear power in Japan, including various problems that the government and electric power companies are facing, especially with respect to laws and regulations. The author think In this report, introduced the present situation Of nuclear rower in Japan, including various problems that the government and electric power companies are facing, especially with respect to laws and regulations. European Commission,(201 3), Renewable energy.

One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez

One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Marquez’s work titled â€Å"One Hundred Years of Solitude† gives an account of Buendà ­as family, who found the isolated town of Macondo (McMurray 113). For days, the township did not get in touch with the outside world, apart from gypsies who passed by, at times, selling goodies like telescopes and ice.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The founder of the family unit, Josà © Arcadio Buendà ­a, was curious and inquisitive. He was, also, a head, who was extremely introverted, as he separated himself, from other people, in his obsessive inquiry into mystifying affairs (Mrquez 5). Buendà ­a’s character traits get passed on to his offspring throughout the novel. Aureliano, his younger child, inherit his extreme, mysterious focus. Josà © Arcadio, his oldest child, inherit his physical might and impetuousn ess. Ahead of establishing contacts with neighboring towns, Macondo loses its innocent state. Civil warfare begins, bringing bloodshed and fatality to calm Macondo, which, formerly, had experienced neither of them, and Aureliano becomes the head of the broadminded rebels, attaining distinction as Colonel Aureliano Buendà ­a. Also, Macondo changes to a township permanently linked to the outside humanity through the disgrace of Colonel Buendà ­a, during and after the warfare (Wood 7). At one point, Arcadio rules authoritatively and finally becomes shot by gun men. Later on, a mayor gets chosen, and his supremacy remains calm until another civil rebellion gets him killed. The civil warfare ends with the signing of a peaceful accord, subsequent to the demise of Arcadio. Marquez’s work, in the novel, is realistic in spite of its magical and fantasy aspects. The novel covers the happenings of a whole century. Hence, much of her work revolves around the actual events, such as, wor k, births, deaths and marriages of the Buendà ­a lineage. Marquez does not shy away from the portrayal of sex and brutality, although she is a woman. She portrays a number of the Buendà ­a men as sexually promiscuous, through explaining how they frequent brothels (Mrquez 198). Other men get portrayed as brutal and introverted. Such men apt to stay indoors, as they make minute golden fish (Mrquez 199). Besides, Marquez portrays the sexual promiscuity of ladies through Meme, who once takes home seventy-two of her friends from boarding school, and Fernanda Del Carpio, who get dressed in a unique nightdress with a hole at the crotch, when she consummates her matrimony with her spouse (Wood 34).Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marquez, also, tackles social and political matters with confidence. She explains the exceptional realism of a Latin America that became trapped between industrialism and modernity, and, also, devastated by civil war and imperialism. In this setting, what might or else appear unbelievable begins to appear real both to the author and to the reader. Marquez explains how her homeland saw a mass execution much like the mass murder of the employees in Macondo. The mass murder of the employees occurred after capitalism penetrated Macondo. The Americans established a banana plantation, in Macondo, and constructed fenced settlements, inside the plantation. Americans possessed the land of the community and further, exploited workers, who provided labor in the plantation (Mrquez 79). As a result, the banana plantation workers decided to put their tools down (Mrquez 82). Many of them were mass executed by the army, which sided with the Americans, who owned the plantation. This incidence demonstrates that Mrquez does fear to expose the mistreatment of the Macondo people by the Americans. Besides, Mrquez portrays the image of a f amily through Ursula Iguarn. Ursula Iguarn works loyally to keep the family unit as one regardless of its differences. However, the the Buendà ­a family, as well as, the entire town of Macondo becomes influenced by modernity, which disregards some moral aspects, such as marriage. Also, Garcà ­a Mrquez’s reconstructs and confines horror and beauty of the country, using her encounters in Latin America, into the novel (McMurray 115). Hence, the novel blends indigenous Latin American fairy tale and real happening to create a novel with a sense of real life. Also, the novel is receptive to the fascination that religion and myths inculcate into the globe. Thus, Mrquez’s work is realistic because it stresses on unity between fantasies and the truth. For instance, she argues that magic is real and powerful, which is a common belief among most people. Hence, she tells people what rhymes with their existing knowledge. Thus, the general tendency of the narrative is factual, wit h events represented candidly, as if they occurred. The novel One Hundred Years of Solitude include both modernity and tradition. Modern expertise and culture, together with the capitalism linked with them, often weaken Macondo â€Å"the entry of the train reduces the town to mayhem† (McMurray 115). Thus, modernity drivers are shocking, to the Buendà ­a relatives and the entire Macondo society (Wood 78).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tradition, in Garcà ­a Mrquez’s work, becomes seen as a source of wisdom and comfort, and, also, a basis of the narrative’s formal inspiration. Marquez work has an immense impact to the native Latin American folkloric and legendary civilization. However, the partition amid modernity and tradition is not fairly easy. For example, the ethical policies assumed by the narr ative’s most esteemed characters are not traditional standards but are rather quite progressive. For example, Aureliano Segundo receives an incentive for having an affair with Petra Cotes, outside matrimony (Wood 78). Conservative Catholicism becomes regarded as oppressive, as the narrative’s own account of modern moral codes reigns. Lastly, certain elements of the novel’s plot become related to the Bible. The novel begins with two characters in an unsophisticated region of the globe, a globe so novel that several items do not have names for identification. These Characters can be compared to Eve and Adam, in the Bible, since they represent descendants who fill the earth and introduce pain and death, in the world (Mrquez 37). When the monstrous mass murder occurs, in which three thousand people lose their lives, the region experiences rain for almost half a decade. This demonstrates purification of the world using water, similar to the event of Noah, in the Bibl e, when God sent water to cleanse the earth. Also, the novel ends with massive destruction of the world. The community becomes introverted and secluded, again (Mrquez 412). The small number of existing Buendà ­a kin members turns in upon themselves incestuously, separated from the outside humanity and destined to an introverted ending. In addition to the aforementioned elements of the plot, stylistic traits of the work make the book act in a manner that can be compared to the Bible (McMurray 114). Buendà ­a, in the last part of the novel, interprets a set of prehistoric prophecies and discovers that all the happenings became prophesied. The prophecy said that life of the community and its residents became predetermined. Similarly, Melquà ­ades predicts the whole course of happenings, although the difference between Melquà ­ades’ prophesies and the real text, â€Å"One Hundred Years of Solitude† is unclear (McMurray 114). From this perspective, the narrative resembl es the Bible, which is a book of prophesies. However, prophesies of the novel do not essentially work for the inhabitants of Macondo as the Bible does for persons who read it. This is because the novel seems to be indistinguishable with Melquà ­ades’ prophesies, which became written in Sanskrit language. Hence, persons who live in Macondo cannot use Melquà ­ades’ prophesies to forecast events in the future, as Mrquez’s work is accessible only to Aureliano, who decodes the work. Hence, when weighed against Biblical prophesies, prophesies in the novel are unattainable to persons who require them most.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, Marquez’s work, in the novel, is realistic in spite of its magical and fantasy aspects. The general tendency of the narrative is factual, with events represented candidly, as if they occurred. Besides, the novel embraces both modernity and tradition. Tradition, in Garcà ­a Mrquez’s work, is a source of wisdom and comfort, as well as, a source of motivation for the work. Lastly, several elements in the novel can be related to the Bible. For instance, the two characters at the start of the novel, similar to Eve and Adam, represent descendants who fill the earth and introduce pain and death, in the world. Also, the novel contains some prophecies, thus, resembling the Bible, which is a book of prophesies. Mrquez’s novel, to suffice it all, can be argued from different perspectives. Mrquez, Garcà ­a. One Hundred Years of Solitude, London: HarperCollins, 1967.Print. McMurray, George. Critical Essays on Gabriel Garcà ­a Mrquez, Boston: Hall Company, 1987.Print. Wood, Michael. Gabriel Garcà ­a Mrquez: One Hundred Years of Solitude, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Print.

13 Hottest College Kids From TV Series

13 Hottest College Kids From TV Series Get ready to experience one of the hottest line ups of college kid television series actors you’re likely to find online. Enjoy!  «Gossip Girl » #1: Vanessa Abrams A sizzling aura, alluring, an exotic young woman and those eyes paired with her raven black hair†¦Vanessa’s inches from too much. #2: Chuck Bass Debonair, malicious charm, and that Wall Street bad boy appeal! This guy makes just about any suit look utterly ground breaking. #3: Nate Archibald Is he even human?! It’s like a group of mad scientists got together and created the perfect mix of dangerous modern looks and timeless angelic features.  «Pretty Little Liars » #4: Toby Cavanaugh Flat out, Toby has perhaps one of the most interesting faces in existence, perfectly accentuated by that razor sharp chin and those penetrating eyes. #5: Emily Fields A melting pot of cultural beauty with a simmering youthful charm that can handle any dress, and win over any situation with her perfectly curated smile.  «Teen Wolf » #6: Scott McCall One second he’s the cutest preppy boy ever, then suddenly he transforms himself into a snarling bundle of beefcake!  «One Tree Hill » #7: Lydia Martin The sweetest, most luscious slice of carrot cake with legs†¦mhm mhm mhm girl! Sharp features with that red hear and her big pool-like eyes; so gorgeous. #8: Lucas Scott It’s like all the sexiest things about the late 80’s coagulated into a suave and sophisticated frat boy.  «The Carrie Diaries » #9: Jill Mouse Chen A living, breathing fantasy. At the drop of a hat she can go from sexy nerd to classy Asian sophistication. #10: Sebastian Kydd His lips are Adonis-like, he’s tall and a bit lanky but once his smile begins pulling you in you’ll get smoldered into melted butter in seconds.  «90210 » #11: Navid Shirazi Savvy, sleek, exotic manliness†¦hold the phone! Navid is an ambassador of sexy†¦with a spotless smile and soft complexion. #12: Naomi Clark Oh she’s naughty, a ball of molten fire with a great body, legs you could fall asleep holding and a near flawless sense of style-attitude.  «Friday Night Lights » #13: Tim Riggins Sigh†¦short hair looks better†¦wait no, long. Wait†¦ jeans or suit†¦too hard! He’s hot in everything he wears and with every look his face is possible of making. Image credit: Pinterest.com

13 Hottest College Kids From TV Series

13 Hottest College Kids From TV Series Get ready to experience one of the hottest line ups of college kid television series actors you’re likely to find online. Enjoy!  «Gossip Girl » #1: Vanessa Abrams A sizzling aura, alluring, an exotic young woman and those eyes paired with her raven black hair†¦Vanessa’s inches from too much. #2: Chuck Bass Debonair, malicious charm, and that Wall Street bad boy appeal! This guy makes just about any suit look utterly ground breaking. #3: Nate Archibald Is he even human?! It’s like a group of mad scientists got together and created the perfect mix of dangerous modern looks and timeless angelic features.  «Pretty Little Liars » #4: Toby Cavanaugh Flat out, Toby has perhaps one of the most interesting faces in existence, perfectly accentuated by that razor sharp chin and those penetrating eyes. #5: Emily Fields A melting pot of cultural beauty with a simmering youthful charm that can handle any dress, and win over any situation with her perfectly curated smile.  «Teen Wolf » #6: Scott McCall One second he’s the cutest preppy boy ever, then suddenly he transforms himself into a snarling bundle of beefcake!  «One Tree Hill » #7: Lydia Martin The sweetest, most luscious slice of carrot cake with legs†¦mhm mhm mhm girl! Sharp features with that red hear and her big pool-like eyes; so gorgeous. #8: Lucas Scott It’s like all the sexiest things about the late 80’s coagulated into a suave and sophisticated frat boy.  «The Carrie Diaries » #9: Jill Mouse Chen A living, breathing fantasy. At the drop of a hat she can go from sexy nerd to classy Asian sophistication. #10: Sebastian Kydd His lips are Adonis-like, he’s tall and a bit lanky but once his smile begins pulling you in you’ll get smoldered into melted butter in seconds.  «90210 » #11: Navid Shirazi Savvy, sleek, exotic manliness†¦hold the phone! Navid is an ambassador of sexy†¦with a spotless smile and soft complexion. #12: Naomi Clark Oh she’s naughty, a ball of molten fire with a great body, legs you could fall asleep holding and a near flawless sense of style-attitude.  «Friday Night Lights » #13: Tim Riggins Sigh†¦short hair looks better†¦wait no, long. Wait†¦ jeans or suit†¦too hard! He’s hot in everything he wears and with every look his face is possible of making. Image credit: Pinterest.com

13 Hottest College Kids From TV Series

13 Hottest College Kids From TV Series Get ready to experience one of the hottest line ups of college kid television series actors you’re likely to find online. Enjoy!  «Gossip Girl » #1: Vanessa Abrams A sizzling aura, alluring, an exotic young woman and those eyes paired with her raven black hair†¦Vanessa’s inches from too much. #2: Chuck Bass Debonair, malicious charm, and that Wall Street bad boy appeal! This guy makes just about any suit look utterly ground breaking. #3: Nate Archibald Is he even human?! It’s like a group of mad scientists got together and created the perfect mix of dangerous modern looks and timeless angelic features.  «Pretty Little Liars » #4: Toby Cavanaugh Flat out, Toby has perhaps one of the most interesting faces in existence, perfectly accentuated by that razor sharp chin and those penetrating eyes. #5: Emily Fields A melting pot of cultural beauty with a simmering youthful charm that can handle any dress, and win over any situation with her perfectly curated smile.  «Teen Wolf » #6: Scott McCall One second he’s the cutest preppy boy ever, then suddenly he transforms himself into a snarling bundle of beefcake!  «One Tree Hill » #7: Lydia Martin The sweetest, most luscious slice of carrot cake with legs†¦mhm mhm mhm girl! Sharp features with that red hear and her big pool-like eyes; so gorgeous. #8: Lucas Scott It’s like all the sexiest things about the late 80’s coagulated into a suave and sophisticated frat boy.  «The Carrie Diaries » #9: Jill Mouse Chen A living, breathing fantasy. At the drop of a hat she can go from sexy nerd to classy Asian sophistication. #10: Sebastian Kydd His lips are Adonis-like, he’s tall and a bit lanky but once his smile begins pulling you in you’ll get smoldered into melted butter in seconds.  «90210 » #11: Navid Shirazi Savvy, sleek, exotic manliness†¦hold the phone! Navid is an ambassador of sexy†¦with a spotless smile and soft complexion. #12: Naomi Clark Oh she’s naughty, a ball of molten fire with a great body, legs you could fall asleep holding and a near flawless sense of style-attitude.  «Friday Night Lights » #13: Tim Riggins Sigh†¦short hair looks better†¦wait no, long. Wait†¦ jeans or suit†¦too hard! He’s hot in everything he wears and with every look his face is possible of making. Image credit: Pinterest.com

Financing Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Financing Terrorism - Essay Example Terrorism comprises an insensate assault on humankind's most elemental ideals and principles -- the prerogative to a life lived in amity, independence and self-respect. The terrorists' premeditated and arbitrary carnage of innocent civilians is a disparaging refutation of the deference for the inviolability of human life. Ideally, everyone has the right to life, emancipation and security of person, as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights explicitly declares. Hence, feats of terrorism are on no account valid and reasonable by considerations of a religious, political, philosophical, or other reason of like nature. Principal objective of this treatise is to address the dilemma on terrorist financing, likewise probe and assess the issues related to the economics of terrorism. And based on the investigation, it attempts to advocate ways that will lead to the curtailment of these nefarious activities and possibly for their total eradication. The subject matter proved to be an appealing issue since this writer strongly believes that by adhering to the "follow the money" philosophy, terrorist finances can be spotted, identified, located and eventually its flow can be interrupted thereby disrupting terrorist activities and ultimately preventing further success of terrorist acts and all other forms of global terrorism. Preceding researchers and writers have explicitly tackled the problem of terrorism. However, many of them have focused only on the events themselves and the ramifications on the commission of such crimes, or who are the perpetrators and the possible retaliation of the aggrieved parties and its effects on the global economy. Ignored and overlooked are some highly significant issues and one of them is the financing of such activities which is dealt with in this work. This paper then begins with brief references to the manifold definitions of the term and proceeds to address issues like: 1) Where and how terrorist organizations secure their funds; 2) How these radicals/fanatics transfer money; 3) What steps have been taken by governments to stop terrorist financing; 4) The difficulties in tracking down terrorist financiers; and the important question of 5) how regimes and governmental agencies combat terrorist financing. Literature Review Definition Crisis Providing for an explicit definition of the term "terrorism" and giving it accurate characterization has become a problematic task. It has grown to be so subjective that according to one author, the effort to define it has been likened to an art rather than a science (Burgess, 2003). Reporting of terrorist activities in media over the years has further contributed to the confusion of trying to define the word, which is diversely depicted as the work of, among others, "extremists," "guerillas," "commandos," and "fundamentalists." In addition, the adverse undertones associated with the word 'terrorism' have complicated

Education research paper on Oral Proficiency in the Foreign Language

Education on Oral Proficiency in the Foreign Language classroom - Research Paper Example Foreign-language teachers are as a result advised to promote classroom participation of students since through this they will be able to enhance their foreign language speeches. This paper in particular tries to find the appropriate ways that teachers can employ in order to promote foreign language oral proficiency in their classrooms. Research was carried out through interviews, surveys and classroom observations and various findings presented, from which conclusions were drawn. Table of contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 The Importance of Oral Assessment 5 Motivating Students to Speak 6 Results/ Presentation 16 Interview Results/Findings 16 Survey Results/Findings 18 Classroom Observations 19 Discussion and Analysis 20 Pedagogical Applications 24 Recommendations 27 References 30 Appendices 33 Introduction Increasing global development and the need for expanded second language skills have led many educators to seek ways to ensure that students of foreign language s leave their classes with a level of language proficiency. Though tests of written language are frequently defined by state standards that are based on written assessments, spoken language proficiency and the use of oral assessments in language classes are receiving increasing attention. The current literature on this topic reflects varied views of educators and administrators, both in relation to foreign language instruction and as a reflection of efforts in this country to support second language instruction for those with limited English proficiency. The application and increasing emphasis on oral assessments in foreign language instruction in the United States has extended from the realization that spoken language proficiency is an imperative part of the application and utility of language learning. In correlation, educators have applied a range of strategies to improve oral language performance, including methods to motivate learners, improve classroom process, and improve ora l language skills. The purpose of this research is to learn and investigate how to prepare activities to engage students in speaking and how to assess speaking in class. Given that not all students will speak the target language outside of class the classroom is a crucial if not the only space for students to engage in the spoken language in their early learning experience. The purpose of this study is also to ultimately create an assessment system that would match effective teaching practices. The research questions guiding the study are: How can I incorporate oral assessment as a daily part of class? How much weight should I place on oral assessment? How can I provide a classroom environment that will motivate students to speak in class? What would appropriate tasks look like? How do other skills/factors support speaking? Literature Review The Importance of Oral Assessment Foreign language instructors have taken the lead from second language (L2) instructional models that place an emphasis on the acquisition of oral language skills and the application of assessments to determine a learner’s pragmatic skills, the skills that they can use in an authentic speaking environment (Ishihara, 2009). Language educators have recognized that pragmatic competence should be achieved through language experiences in the classroom, and instructors can benefit from making